A Marketing Case Study of Giant Bicycles Essay Example

A Marketing Case Study of Giant Bicycles Essay The world’s largest bicycle manufacturer was born thanks, in part, to a typhoon. That typhoon destroyed King Liu’s eel farming business. Turning to something completely different, the Taiwanese engineer assembled eight partners to create Giant, a bicycle manufacturing business located outside Taichung, Taiwan. The initial strategy was to to manufactures bikes that were designed and sold abroad under different brands (or as an OEM, Original Equipment Manufacturer). King Liu would be responsible for the operations side while Anthony Lo (the current CEO) would handle the marketing side. Giant’s first American customer was West Coast Cycle (now Raleigh Cycles) but the main goal was to become a supplier for America’s top brand, Schwinn. Thanks to attractive pricing, Giant was able to land its first Schwinn contract in 1977. In 1980 American labor relations enabled Giant to take a leap forward. A strike organized by the UAW closed down Schwinn’s Chicago plant and Giant jumped in to fill the production shortfall. The Chicago plant was closed down three years later and Giant’s supply share kept rising. Giant was able to manufacture and ship bikes at a cost lower than the raw materials cost of a Chicago bike. By 1984 it was supplying approximately two thirds of Schwinn’s bikes or 500,000 units a year. In 1985, only seven years after the initial contract, Tony Lo proposed a joint venture to Schwinn. The Schwinn management was split on whether to marry Giant or to seek a greater range of suppliers. Ultimately, the CEO, Ed Schwinn, Jr. , opted for diversification by entering into an agreement with China Bicycles Company, a Shenzhen-based supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on A Marketing Case Study of Giant Bicycles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Marketing Case Study of Giant Bicycles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Marketing Case Study of Giant Bicycles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In retaliation, Giant   decided to start selling under its own brand in the US (it had already started doing so in Taiwan in 1981). Giant’s US branch, headed by a former Schwinn executive, offered dealers lower retail prices as well as higher profit margins (36% as opposed to 34%). Seven years later, in 1992, Schwinn filed for bankruptcy; at that point Giant was already selling 300,000 bicycles in the US or more than half of Schwinn’s sales of 534,000 units. By the end of the twentieth century Giant had justified its name and become the world’s largest bike manufacturer. In 008, it had nine factories producing 6. 4 million bikes sold in 10,000 retail outlets; its six Chinese factories accounted for over 80% of its production A large part of Giant’s success was due to acute awareness of segmentation. Everything from design to retail store layout was predicated on segmentation. Two variables took precedence: terrain (on-road, off-road or across-the-road) a nd cyclist type (lifestyle, performance, sport). But one area where Giant was not attaining the success it sought was women’s bicycles. Women were buying fewer bikes than men and and spending less money doing so. Tony Lo set about changing this state of affairs. The gender turn Lo’s idea was to open a store exclusively for women. After all there were women’s apparel shops, why not a women’s bike shop? And the managers of a women’s only store would be forced to discover what and how to sell to women in order to survive. To head the project, he chose Bonnie Tu, Giant’s chief financial officer. Such a choice offered two benefits: first, a woman would be leading this gendered store project and secondly, her financial experience would ensure financial discipline and an eye on profitability. A core project team of four members initially spent a year testing various ideas in the women’s corner (or ghetto? ) of existing Giant retail stores. The new store was designed to be as modular as possible so as to allow for maximum experimentation. Baptized Liv/giant, it was inaugurated in April 2008. The store was an immediate success, turning profitable after four months. What did the women’s store do differently from the already existing â€Å"bisexual† stores? One key feature was comfort. There were places to sit, making it something of a bicycle lounge. Cyclists have their own apparel and the changing rooms were made larger and more comfortable so that women would not hesitate to try new cycle fashions. Taiwanese women do not like tans and bandanas became a top selling item. Customers would buy two or three of them, one for the neck, one for the face and one for the head. For the same reason, they preferred their jerseys long-sleeved and their shorts not short at all. To avoid any wrist-tan, gloves were redesigned to extend further along the arm. And, of course, all these pieces of apparel needed to match the bike. Then there were classes and excursions to overcome any technical hurdles. Women could learn to ride a bicycle through the store; they could join together for scheduled store-led rides to discover new paths and areas of the island. As Lo puts, the store was less about selling bicycles than about building riding experiences. With experience, Giant discovered a few things it had not envisioned. Apparel and accessories account for a much larger percentage of the women’s store sales – 43% as compared to 20% of sales in a standard store and 27% in the women’s section of the standard store. The emphasis on apparel and accessories made for more repeat purchases, with customers coming back on the average once a month. With regard to accessories, women were quickly making design requests. For example, small bags around the seat, conveniently designed for holding purse, phone and other such personal items. When customers started twisting their mirrors, Giant realized it could design and sell a mirror that would allow the rider to check her appearance upon dismounting from her bicycle. The question raised in the end by the case is how to go about spreading the concept of the women’s store. The Japanese division head has developed a plan for women’s store in Tokyo. The question CEO and case readers must decide whether the first store in Japan should be corporate-run or whether each regional subsidiary should be allowed to set up the women’s stores as it saw fit. Reference: Harvard 9-610-096 Professor Willy Shih, Ethan Bernstein, Maly Hout Bernstein (Harvard Business School) Professor Jyun-Cheng Wang, Yi-Ling Wei (National Tsing Hua University) Published September 2010 Professor profile Willy Shih * Home * About Casium * Newsletter * Strategy * Entrepreneurship * Leadership * Marketing * Finance * Operations * Human capital Designed by Shubh Infotech Bottom of Form

Intermediate State Actor Speech Essay Example

Intermediate State Actor Speech Essay Example Intermediate State Actor Speech Essay Intermediate State Actor Speech Essay Rational Strict Compelling Narrowly Tailored United States vs OBrien This is speech (from Texas vs Johnson) Conveying message and message has to be understood Can he be put in Jail for burning draft card? Is it unconstitutional? Content neutral regulation Cannot get people to effectively fight without draft cards Understood because they beat him up Need to call for service vs OBrien speech Call to service wins You cant say whatever you like if it affects the gobs ability to run Intermediate scrutiny (can suppress speech if): Furthers an important or substantial gob influence If the governmental interest is separated from the freedom of expression If the incidental restriction is no greater than essential than the furthers of that interest Strict scrutiny Narrowly tailored Waving a rebel flag after a touchdown at an Ole Miss game (want to stop it because its stopping black players from Joining the team) Is it suppression of speech? There is a state actor and speech So is it intermediate or strict? Content based (strict scrutiny) Dont say no rebel flags- say no sticks allowed in football games and no banners cause people cant see from behind them Content neutral regulation(intermediate and OBrien) Dont care about flag, care about the sticks Dont care whats on the banner, care about the peoples ability to see Intermediate There are alternative ways to wear the rebel flag Hat- content neutral (substantial gob interest and unrelated to freedom of expression) Time, place, and manner of restriction Ex. Free speech alley vs N another road because it could be disturbing the peace Freeman wins Open toed shoes State actor but no speech Rational based scrutiny- automatic Freeman win Greek letters Content based regulation because youre singling out a group- class wins Red State actor- regularly red shirts have no meaning/speech If red shirt has a message then its content neutral Late Rational bases- Freeman wins Phones Content neutral- Freeman wins Offensive shirts Content based and vague and over broad Class wins Defamation: damages are external false statement fault of the publisher Times vs Sullivan damages of the concern of the plaintiff difference between a dean and the dean context clues to figure out who is speaking eying all the Trim Deltas have the clap sorority itself could have a cause of action, it could affect pledge count but not individual members could defame womens basketball team easier because its a smaller group its all about the connection between the statement and the victim published Public official vs Public figure retired general organized an attack on military when trying to integrate wrote a story that said that GA coach was feeding info to al public figures are treated like public officials public officials are elected Egret vs Welch Who is public and who is private? Pervasive fame or notoriety that he becomes a public figure for all purposes and in all contexts (Beyond ©) Individual voluntarily injects himself or is drawn into a particular public controversy and thereby become a public figure for a limited range of issues (Less Miles) Duty Risk Analysis for Louisiana about this Did the reporter have a duty to the plaintiff Did you breach the duty when you said something Ex. Used wrong transcript when writing a recommendation and student didnt get into law school because of it. Is defamation. Reporters have a higher standard than regular people What can you do after you defame someone? Limit defamation and damages because you admit to the mistake Usually the best for a private figure Offer a right of reply For public figure Let the person defamed to straighten the record Injunction Not favored in law Go to court and the courts says that you cant make those statements anymore l- issue R- rule of law A- apply C- conclusion Privileges Absolute privileges (5) Even if whole statement is defamatory, no defamation Statement made in course of Judicial preceding Say ex-wife beats me, not true but said in court so no defamation Legislative receding Buchanan calls president a wife-beater, made in legislature no defamation Made by elected officials made in the course/scope of their duty School board member, after shootings need greater security so crazy vets stop shooting people. Communication between spouses Compelled broadcast Conditional privileges Lost if abused Fair and accurate reporting of a public preceding Fair comment on a public issue/controversy Monica Leninism Fac ts: The Florida Star printed the full name of a sexual assault victim in its newspaper. Florida Stats. 794. 03 (1987) makes it unlawful to print, publish, or roadways In any instrument of mass communication the name of the victim of a sexual offense. Issues: Was publishing a sexual assault victims name consistent with the First Amendment? Holding: No it is not consistent with the First Amendment Reasoning: Only a state interest of the highest order permits the State to penalize the publication of truthful information, and by holding that protecting a rape victims right to privacy is not among those state interests of the highest order. Florida Stats. 794. 03 (1987) makes it unlawful to print, publish, or broadcast N any Pursuant to this statute, appellant The Florida Star was found civilly liable for publishing the name of a rape victim which it had obtained from a publicly released police report. The issue presented here is whether this result comports with the First Amendment. We hold that it does not. [B. J. F. ] reported on Thursday, October 20, she was crossing Breadroot Park, which is in the 500 block of Golfer Boulevard, Norte to her bus stop, when an unknown black man ran up behind the lady and placed a knife to her neck and told her not to yell. The suspect then undressed the lady and had sexual intercourse with her before fleeing the scene with her 60 cents, Timex watch and gold necklace. Patrol efforts have been suspended concerning this incident because of a lack of evidence. In printing B. J. F. s full name, The Florida Star violated its internal policy of not publishing the names of sexual offense victims. We hold only that where a newspaper publishes truthful information which it has lawfully obtained, punishment may lawfully be imposed, if at all, only when narrowly tailored to a state interest of the highest order, and that no such interest is dissatisfactory served by imposing liability under 794. 03 to appellant under the 9 facts of this case. Daily Mail in our synthesis of prior cases involving attempts to punish truthful publication: [l]f a newspaper lawfully obtains truthful information about a matter of public significance then state officials may not constitutionally punish publication of the information, absent a need to further a state interest of the highest order. 3 principles to apply from Daily Mail formula: public interest secured by the Constitution the dissemination of truth

History of the Geology of Earth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of the Geology of Earth - Research Paper Example The earth has undergone very many physical changes on its geological features since its formation. The earth’s continents have been drifting apart for millions of years since their formation. 760 million years ago, during the initial stages of drifting, the earth’s continents had combined to form the Rodinia super continent. Around 600 million years ago, after rodinia broke apart, the continents drifted and formed Pannotia. Pannotia broke apart and the continents later formed Pangaea. Pangaea broke apart and the continents started drifting away from each other, 180 million years ago. The history of the geology of the earth is divided into chronological eras during which the earth had some outstanding characteristics and major geological events took place. This paper addresses the history of the geology of the earth. The Precambrian eon The Precambrian is the era began at the time of the formation of the earth and lasted till around 570 years ago. This period of time mak es up to about 90% of the earth’s geology history. In the initial period of the Precambrian, the earth was cooling down and it formed a crust that made its surface. The rocks that were formed were mainly volcanic and igneous intrusions rocks which were spread all over the surface of the crust. The Precambrian had three long eras, the hadean, Archean and the Proterozoic. The Hadean lasted almost 700 million years after the earth’s formation. During this period, the earth cooled down and there was the formation of the earth’s surface which was mainly composed of volcanic belts. The temperature of the earth’s surface was still very hot but it was gradually cooling down due to the reduction in collisions with huge rocks in the earth’s orbit. It is also during this period that the earth’s moon was formed. Archean is the era that followed. It lasted from 3900 to 2500 million years ago. The earth experienced tectonic processes that formed sedimenta ry basins on its surface (Stanley 55). The rocks dated from this period reveal that there was simple life; bacteria and algae fossils were present on the rocks. The proterozoic period, 2500 to 570 million years ago, was characterized by the formation of vast rifts on the earth’s crust. The rifts were filled with volcanic rocks as well as the sedimentary rocks from the sedimentary basins (Sasso 59). This period also saw the formation of seas in which a lot of iron minerals were formed. There was early life in the seas and the amounts of oxygen kept increasing in the atmosphere. In the proterozoic eon, the Rodinia super continent drifted apart and later the Pannotia super continent was formed. Glaciers also started forming on the earth’s surface in the eon. The Phanerozoic Eon This is the eon in which the earth is currently in. It wraps the geology history of the earth from 550 years ago to date. After the breaking of the Pannotia super continent, the continents drifted and recombined to for the Pangaea. Pangaea then broke into the current continents. The continents have been constantly drifting apart. The phanerozoic eon is also categorized into three eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and the current Cenozoic eras. All these eras experienced significant geological changes of the earth (Zhao, Sun,Wilde & Li 94). The Paleozoic Era The Paleozoic era, 570 to 245 million years ago, marked the end of the ice age and the beginning of early life on earth in the seas. It

(Q2.The Government states that 'the adoption of the NEC3 2005 Essay

(Q2.The Government states that 'the adoption of the NEC3 2005 Engineering and Construction contract suits the needs of a modern construction industry'. Provide an appraisal in response to such a statement - Essay Example It is also been used in countries around the world like South Africa. Its use implies that it suits the requirements of the modern construction and engineering industry. However, opponents beg to differ (Gould, 2007). The Government Commerce in the United Kingdom has validated NEC3 for utilisation in the construction projects that are funded by the public. NEC3 also meets the requirements of the Achieving Excellence in Construction (Rowlinson, 2011). In the validation by the office of the Government Commerce, it is noted that NEC3 satisfies the principles set out by AEC, whose aim is to boost performance in the construction industry. It is also noted NEC3 is an up to date group of contracts that enhances the enactment of the right principles in construction projects. NEC3 is made up of three main elements. These key elements are the risk management, the settings of the contract, and the management of the project. Thus, under the three components, NEC3 looks at the type of regulations, the compensation, what and when of the project, and identifies people in charge of the project like the supervisor and the contractor (Construction Industry Development Board, 2005). In spite of the opposition from different sectors, an evaluation of the facts surrounding NEC3 can determine if it suits the requirements of the modern construction industry. NEC3 is composed of a group of two clauses, optional and key. Just to name but a few, the key clauses include time, general, payment, title, and compensation; while the optional ones include options A to F, which is the management contract. The beneficial aspects associated with NEC3 include fruitful approval by contractors and customers. It is not rigid in terms of the designs; hence, permitting any form of association between the contractors and the employers. It is characterised by brevity and simplicity in

Black Hawk Down Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Hawk Down - Movie Review Example The world has witnessed numerous wars over the decades. No nation or nationality is ever prepared to witness the brutality and the horrors of the wars which annihilated millions of innocent lives. Each war is unique. Every bloody encounter is a reminder of a certain period or situation in human history. The Vietnam war, the Korean War, the two World Wars are all grim events that shaped the boundaries of the world map. Each war occurs at different moments for specific reasons. The significance of these unforgettable events will forever be inscribed on the annals of global chronicles. Reality television is popular. The vital factor which keeps it a crowd drawer is the actual footages being shown on the screen. But even with the reality format, its scenes are still being doubted just the same by many viewers. Real and reel details depict contrasting differences. It is maybe unfortunate but it's the truth. On-screen portrayals of human events are spiced up with interesting scenes to make the whole story favorable to the taste of the patronizing public. When the war movie "Black Hawk Down" has been launched in 2001, analysts project it to be a box-office hit. And it has been a blockbuster. People are often fascinated by war adventures based on actual events. Viewers know that factual twists are inserted into the movie. However, it is interesting to note that only a few brave ones come out and point out its missing parts. Production companies are in business to bring about the thrill and excitement of entertainment. Studio gurus are out to create a good story. Collaboration is an everyday process to transform an actual boring plot into an entertaining one. "The movie Black Hawk Down was a retelling of a true war story that happened back in 1993. The movie in itself was a great telling of war and the casualties of war. The action was realistic and acting this time like most war movies wasn't over done by the actors" (http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie.aspxm=16970&mp=ur&ipp=15). Aside from the longtime critics of the United States, the only country perhaps which is unhappy with the introduction of Black Hawk Down in the movie world is Somalia. But judging from the movie itself, the African nation may have at least a reason to celebrate. The Americans have captured a couple of chief lieutenants under Somali warlord Mohamed Aidid at a price. The death of 18 U.S. soldiers may not be a major loss on the American side but the Somalis can still enjoy that victory considering that about a thousand of its countrymen douse out cold water on an elite U.S. military team to accomplish its mission. Advanced training and sophisticated weaponry cannot do it all for the American soldiers. Instead, an impoverished and ill-armed Somali group outclasses a usually highly-motivated superpower team. "As we have seen more than once in the last ten years, the involvement of the United States in military style missions is not necessarily a guarantee of success. For all their might, bravado, and desire to put the world to rights, too often they underestimate the situation" (http://www.dvd.net.au/review.cgireview_id=1649). ACTUAL SETTING The action-packed movie is worthy of its portrayal about the true accounts of the 1993 Mogadishu encounter. To start with, the actual setting has been captured in Black Hawk Down. A hostile Somali crowd is present. U.S. soldiers are armed and suited well to the situation. Critics

Cryptography: Theories, Functions and Strategies

Cryptography: Theories, Functions and Strategies Abstract Digital signing is a mechanism for certifying the origin and the integrity of electronically transmitted information. In the process of digitally signing, additional information called a digital signature is added to the given document, calculated using the contents of the document and some private key. At a later stage, this information can be used to check the origin of the signed document. The mathematical base of the digital signing of documents is public key cryptography. This work presents the theory behind digital signatures, signature schemes and attacks on signatures and provides a survey of application areas of the digital signing technology. Moreover, there are lab exercises developed in Mathlab, to reinforce the understanding of this technology. 1. Introduction The Concise Oxford Dictionary (2006) defines cryptography as the art of writing or solving codes, however modern cryptography does not met this definition. Therefore, this work starts with a literature review defining some key concepts, like what cryptography and cryptographic system are and the different types of cryptographic system are presented. The other interesting and preliminary concept is the notion of cryptosystem functions which are also discussed in the introductory section. Furthermore, it is stated that public-key encryption represents a revolution in the field of cryptography, and this work poses some basic definitions on this topic trying to explain the theory behind. The rest of the literature review is concentrated on public key cryptography and it focuses on the theory behind digital signatures, signature schemes and attacks on signatures. And finally, the literature review presents a survey of application areas on digital signatures. One part of the contribution of this work, is an overview of the secure hash standard (SHS) and implementation of the secure hash algorithm (SHA-1), required for use with digital signature algorithms. The main part though, is the implementation of AES and RSA by utilizing Mathlab. The code of all these implementations is thoroughly discussed and explained in this work. Moreover, a comparison is also presented subsequently. 2. Cryptography The Greek words â€Å"krypt ´os† standing for â€Å"hidden† and the word â€Å"l ´ogos† that means â€Å"word†, are in essence the base from where the word cryptology was derived. As these words denote, cryptology can be best explained by the meaning â€Å"hidden word†. In this context, the original purpose behind cryptology is hiding the meaning of some specific combination of words which in turn would insure secrecy and confidentiality. This is a very limited viewpoint in today’s perspective and a wide range of security applications and issues now come under the term of cryptology (rest of the portion of this section will clarify this point of view). As field of mathematical science, Cryptology includes the study of both cryptanalysis as well as cryptography. On one hand, cryptography is a very broad term and represents any process used for data protection. On the other hand, the study of security related issues and the probabilities of breaking the cryptographic systems and a technique is known as cryptanalysis. By making reference to (Shirey, 2000), the field cryptanalysis can be best described as the â€Å"mathematical science that deals with analysis of a cryptographic system in order to gain knowledge needed to break or circumvent the protection that the system is designed to provide.† In simple words, cryptanalyst can be regarded as the opponent of the cryptographer i.e. he/she has to get around the security which cryptographer devised on his/her part. (Buchmann, 2004) claims that a cryptographic system (or in short a cryptosystem) describes â€Å"a set of cryptographic algorithms together with the key management processes that support use of the algorithms in some application context.† This is a diverse explanation that includes all sorts of cryptographic algorithms as well as protocols. However, hidden parameters like cryptographic keys may or may not be used by a cryptographic system (Delfs, 2007). Similarly, participants of the undergoing communication may or may not share those secret parameters. Thus, cryptographic can be classified into following three types: a cryptographic system in which no secret parameters are employed (called an un-keyed cryptosystem); a cryptosystem which makes use of secret parameters and at the same time shares the parameters between the participants (known as a secret key cryptographic system); and a system that utilizes the secret parameters, but not sharing them with the participants (call ed a public key cryptographic system) (Shirey, 2000; Buchmann, 2004). Cryptography aims at designing and implementing cryptographic systems and utilizing such systems which are secure effectively. The first a formal definition about the term cryptography dates from relatively past time. Back then, the approach known by the name â€Å"security through obscurity† was being used (Dent, 2004). There are a lot of examples based on this approach by which security of the system was improved by keeping internal working and design secret. Majority of those systems do not serve the purpose and security may well be violated. The Kerckhoffs’ principle is a very famous cryptographic principle which states that (Kerckhoffs, 1883): â€Å"Except for parameters clearly defined to be secret, like the cryptographic keys, a cryptosystem must be designed in such a way as to be secure even with the case that the antagonist knows all details about the system†. However, it might be noted that one important aspect is that a cryptosystem is perfectly securing theoretically grounds, but it may not remain the same when implemented practically. Different possibilities of generating attacks on security of such systems can arise while having the practical implementation (Anderson, 1994). Attacks which make use of exploitation of side channel information are the examples of such attacks. If a cryptosystem is executed, it can result in the retrieval of side channel information with unspecified inputs and outputs (Anderson, 1994). In encryption systems, the input is plaintext message plus the key, while the specific output is the cipher text. Thus, there are chances on information leakage. Power consumption, timing characteristics along with the radiation of all types are some examples in this regard. On the other hand, side channel attacks are the types of network attacks which extract side channel information. Since the mid 1990s there were many di fferent possibilities have been found by the researchers in order to build up side channel attacks. A few examples in this regard are the differential power analysis (Bonehl, 1997), and fault analysis (Biham, 1997; Kocher, 1999) as well as the timing attacks (Kocher, 1996). It is a very practical statement that any computation performed on real computer systems represents some physical phenomena which can be examined and analyzed to provide information regarding the keying material being employed. Cryptography does not help to cope with this situation because of the inherent nature of this problem. 2.1 Cryptosystem functions Other than the usual random bit generators as well as the hash functions, there are no secret parameters that are used in cryptosystem functions. These are the junketed functions that characterize the cryptographic system functions. In cryptographic functions, the elements used are usually one-way and it is difficult or almost impossible to invert them. This follows that it is easy to compute a cryptographic function whereas it is hard to invert the functions and also to compute the results of the relationships (Kerckhoffs, 1883). It is difficult to apply any mathematical method for inverting the cryptographic system functions in a way that will be coherent and meaningful. For example, a cryptographic system functions such as F: X → Y is easy to comfortably use mathematical knowledge to compute while it is hard to use the same to invert (Buchmann, 2004; Shirey, 2000). There are many examples of one-way functions that we can use to demonstrate the meaning of the cryptosystems. In a situation where one has stored numbers on the cell phone, computation of the same is possible and easy due to the fact that the names are stored in an alphabetical manner (Garrett, 2001). If one inverts the relationship of these functions, it will be impossible to compute because the numbers are not arranged numerically in the storage phonebook. It is notable that a lot of other things that we do in daily life are comparable to cryptosystem function in the sense that you cannot invert or undo them. For example, if one breaks a glass, the process is one way because it is not possible for these pieces to be restored together again (Goldreich, 2004). Similarly, when one drops something into water, it is not practically possible to reverse the action of dropping this item (Mao, 2003). The English corresponding action would be to un-drop the item as opposed to picking it. Cry ptosystem functions cannot be demonstrated as purely one-way and this is the branching point between cryptosystem functions and the real world of things and circumstances. The only one-way functions in mathematics can be exemplified by discrete exponentiation, modular power and modular square functions. Public key cryptography uses these functions in its operations but it has not been well documented whether they are really one-way or not. There has been debate in practice whether one-way functions really exist in the first place or not (Garrett, 2001). In the recent day cryptographic discussions a lot of care should be applied when referring to the one-way functions so as not to interfere or make false claims to the functional attributes of these parameters. There is a need to look for extra information and knowledge concerning one-way functions so that efficient and meaningful inversions are possible and mathematically coherent. Therefore, functions such as F: X → Y is considered to be a one-way function (Koblitz, 1994; Schneier, 1996). This follows that if F can successfully and coherently inverted, the need for extra information is needed. This will hence bring the notion of the meaning of the other parameters in relation to F. Computer science uses the hash functions in its operations. This is because these functions are computable and generates output dependent on the input that was used (Katz, 2007; Koblitz, 1994). 3. Digital signatures The public-key encryption presents a revolution in the field of cryptography and until its invention the cryptographers had relied completely on common, secret keys in order to achieve confidential communication (Smart, 2003). On the contrary, the public-key techniques, allow for the parties to communicate privately without the requirement to decide on a secret key in advance. While the concept of private-key cryptography is presented as two parties agree on a secret keyk which can be used (by either party) for both encryption and decryption; public-key encryption is asymmetric in both these respects (Stinson, 2005). Namely, in public-key encryption: One party (the receiver) generates a pair of keys (pk, sk), where pk is called the public key and ps is the private key, The public key is used by a sender to encrypt a message for the receiver, and The receiver uses the private key to decrypt that message. There three parts of information form part of public key certificate: Some naming information A Public key Digital signatures (this can be one or more) Encryptions and digital signatures were introduced to make the web transactions secure and manageable. The use of cryptographic techniques was applied to enhance and provide security layer such that the encrypted information and files would remain secure and confidential. Very frequently, a digital signature is mistaken with the inverse of a public-key encryption, but this is not entirely true. In the history, a digital signature could be obtained by reversing, but today in the majority of the situations this process would be impossible to be performed. Basically, a digital signature is a form of a mathematical scheme for signifying the genuineness of a digital message. A valid digital signature would provide a proof to the person that receives the message or the document that these information is indeed created by a specified sender. Moreover, it would prove that message or the document was not altered during the transportation. Digital signatures are usually used for software distribution or mainly money transactions, where it is very important to detect the possibility of forgery. As a part of the field in asymmetric cryptography, it might be noted that a digital signature is somehow equivalent of the traditional handwritten signatures. On the other hand, in order to be effective, a digital signature should be correctly implemented. Another very important concept is the notion of non-repudiation. This means that if somebody signs a document by using a digital signature, they can not say that it was not signed by them, even though their private key remains as a secret. On the other hand, there is a time stamp, so that even if the private key of a sender is compromised in future, the digital signature will remain valid. Examples of such messages are: electronic mail contracts messages sent via some cryptographic protocol A digital signature usually is comprised of: An algorithm for producing a key. This algorithm would find a private key by chance from all the possible private keys available. Then it will output that private key with a matching public key. A signing algorithm that, given a message and a private key, produces a signature. A signature authenticating algorithm that, given a message, public key and a signature, it will accept or reject the message. Primary, a signature produced from a fixed message and a private key verifies that the genuineness of that message is ok, by means of the matching public key. Then, it has to be computationally infeasible to make an appropriate signature for a party that doesn’t have the private key 4. Algorithms 4.1. Introduction to SHS This section provides an overview of the secure hash standard (SHS) and implementation of the secure hash algorithm (SHA-1), required for use with digital signature algorithms. SHA-1 is used for computing a compressed version of a message or a data file. If that data has a length smaller than 264 buts, then the output will be 160-bit and is called a message digest. The message digest used for an input to the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). This algorithm will verify the signature for the message. Signing the message digest instead of the originall message itself, might advance the effectiveness of the procedure. This is since the message digest is usually much slighter in size than the original message. Very important is that the same hash algorithm should be used by both the verifier and the digital signature creator. The usage of the SHA-1 with the DSA can be presented as follows: Interesting for SHA-1 is that it is computationally impossible to discover a message which matchs to a given digest. Moreover, it is also impossible to find two dissimilar messages which create an identical message digest. 4.2. Implementation of SHA-1 The following functions were implemented for the SHA-1 algorithm: Name of source file: secure_hash_algorithm.m. Function in the source file: secure_hash_algorithm (message). This function takes an input a string of characters. Example: Hello, How are you? How is it going on? Output is the message digest, the hash value of the message. Thus, the hash value of the above message is F418F52AE6DC208599F91191E6C40FA876F33754. Name of source file: arithematic_shift_operations.m. Function in the source file: arithematic_shift_operations (number, position, op). The inputs are: number: it is a hexadecimal large number of any size. The number is represented in base 16 and is stored as a string. Ex: ‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’ position: the number of positions to be shifted by. It is a decimal number in base 10. Op: it is the type of operation done. Inputs are ‘SRA’ -> shift right arithematic and ‘SLA’ -> shift left arithematic. For example, the function: arithematic_shift_operations(‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’, 3, ‘SRA’) would return ‘1FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’, and arithematic_shift_operations(‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’, 3, ‘SLA’) would return ‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF8’. Name of source file: bi2hex.m. Function in the source file: bi2hex (number). The input to this function is a vector of ones and zeros and the result is a hexadecimal output represented in string. For example, for the input â€Å"Number = [1 1 1 1]† bi2hex (Number) returns ‘F’ and for â€Å"Number = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 ]† bi2hex (Number) returns ‘F1’. Name of source file: hex2bi.m. Function in the source file: hex2bi (number). The input to this function is a number stored in form of a string in base 16 and the result is a vector containing the binary representation of input string. For example, for the input â€Å"Number = ‘F’ †, hex2bi (Number) returns â€Å"[1 1 1 1]† and for â€Å"Number = ‘F1’ â€Å", bi2hex (Number) returns â€Å"[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1]†. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_adder.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_adder (number_one, number_two). The inputs to this function are numbers stored in hexadecimal string format. Output is the result, a hexadecimal string and carry, a decimal number. After using this function, it has to be checked if the carry is generated, Incase if it is generated then the carry has to be appended in the beginning to the result. For example: Number_one = ‘FFFFFFFF’ Number_two = ‘EEEEEEEE’ [result, carry] = hexadecimal_big_number_adder (Number_one, Number_two) Result = ‘EEEEEEED’ , carry = 1; Hence the real sum is Result = strcat(dec2hex(0), Result); this results to ‘1EEEEEEED’ Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_subtractor.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_subtractor(number_one, number_two). The inputs to this function are numbers stored in hexadecimal string format. Output is the result, a hexadecimal string and sign, a decimal number. If sign is -1, then the result generated is a negative number else is a positive number. . For example: Number_one= ‘EEEEEEEE’ Number_two= ‘FFFFFFFF’ [result, sign] = hexadecimal_big_number_subtractor(Number_one, Number_two) Result = ‘11111111’ Sign = -1. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_multiprecision_multiplication.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_multiprecision_multiplication(multiplicand, multiplier). The input is a multiplicand stored in string format is a hexadecimal number. And so is multiplier. The output is a result and is stored in form of a string. For example: multiplicand= ‘EEEEEEEE’ multiplier= ‘FFFFFFFF’ hexadecimal_big_number_multiprecision_multiplication(multiplicand, multiplier) result is ‘EEEEEEED11111112’ Name of source file: comparision_of.m. Function in the source file: comparision_of(number_one, number_two, index). This function compares two numbers in hexadecimal format stored in form of strings. Always input index as decimal 1. Therefore, it: Returns 1 if Number_one > Number_two, Returns 0 if Number_one = Number_two, and Returns -1 if Number_one For example, if Number_one= ‘EEEEEEEE’ Number_two= ‘FFFFFFFF’, the result would be: comparision_of(Number_one, Number_two, 1) returns -1. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_modular_exponentiation.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_modular_exponentiation (base, exponent, modulus). This function calculates (power(base, exponent) % modulus). Here the input base, exponent and modulus are hexadecimal strings of any size. For example: Base = ‘FFF’ Exponent = ‘EEE’ Modulus = ‘AAAA’ hexadecimal_big_number_modular_exponentiation (Base, Exponent, Modulus) returns ‘8BAB’ Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_multiplicative_inverse.m. Function in the source file: Z = hexadecimal_big_number_multiplicative_inverse(number_one, number_two). This function returns multiplicative inverse of number_two modulo number_one. If az = 1 (mod m) then z is the multiplicative inverse of a mod m. Here â€Å"number_one = m†, â€Å"number_two = a†, â€Å"number_one = ‘FFFF’ †, â€Å"number_two = ‘1235’ â€Å" andresult is ‘634D’, which in turn is the multiplicative inverse of number_two.Hence : (result * number_two) mod number_one = 1 Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_test_for_primality.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_test_for_primality(number). The input to this function is an ODD number stored in hexadecimal format as a string. This function returns 1 if the input is a prime and returns -1 if input is composite. Name of source file: power_of_two_conversion_to_hexadecimal.m. Function in the source file: power_of_two_conversion_to_hexadecimal(power). The input is the number, the power to which two has to be raised to. It is a decimal number and the output is a hexadecimal number in form of string. For example, power_of_two_conversion_to_hexadecimal(4) returns ‘10’ i.e 16 in decimal system. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_division.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_division (dividend, divisor). This function returns quotient and remainder both in hexadecimal string format. The inputs to this function are strings of hexadecimal format. This function uses other two functions in turn which are defined in source file Get_multiplier.m, multiplication_by_single_digit_multiplier.m. Name of source file: remove_leading_zeros.m. Function in the source file: remove_leading_zeros (number). This function takes number in hexadecimal string format as input and removes the leading zeros in the string and returns it. For example, if â€Å"Number = ‘000000012345’ â€Å", then the function returns ‘12345’. Some of the most prominent functions are presented in Appendix A. 4.3. Introduction to MD5 The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm is a extensively utilised in cryptographic hash functions. Basically this is the case for cryptographic hash functions with a 128-bit (16-byte) hash value. MD5 is used in many security applications, and in addition it is frequently used to check data integrity. An MD5 hash is typically expressed as a 32-digit hexadecimal number. The following figure represents a schematic view of the MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm. 4.4. Implementation of MD5 This algorithm would compute MD5 hash function for files. For example, if as input is given the d = md5(FileName), then the function md5() will computes the MD5 hash function of the file specified in the string FileName. This function will returns it as a 64-character array dwhere d is the digest. The following methodology that the MD5 algorithm was implemented: Initially, the function Digestis called. This function would read the whole file, and will make it uint32 vector FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt [Message,nBits] = readmessagefromfile(FileName); Then, it would append a bit in the last one that was read from that file: BytesInLastInt = mod(nBits,32)/8; if BytesInLastInt Message(end) = bitset(Message(end),BytesInLastInt*8+8); else Message = [Message; uint32(128)]; end Consequetly, it will append the zeros: nZeros = 16 mod(numel(Message)+2,16); Message = [Message; zeros(nZeros,1,uint32)]; And a bit length of the original message as uint64, such as the lower significant uint32 first: Lower32 = uint32(nBits); Upper32 = uint32(bitshift(uint64(nBits),-32)); Message = [Message; Lower32; Upper32]; The 64-element transformation array is: T = uint32(fix(4294967296*abs(sin(1:64)))); The 64-element array of number of bits for circular left shift: S = repmat([7 12 17 22; 5 9 14 20; 4 11 16 23; 6 10 15 21].,4,1); S = S(:).; Finally, the 64-element array of indices into X can be presented as: idxX = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 6 11 0 5 10 15 4 9 14 3 8 13 2 7 12 5 8 11 14 1 4 7 10 13 0 3 6 9 12 15 2 0 7 14 5 12 3 10 1 8 15 6 13 4 11 2 9] + 1; The initial state of the buffer is consisting of A, B, C and D. such as: A = uint32(hex2dec(67452301)); B = uint32(hex2dec(efcdab89)); C = uint32(hex2dec(98badcfe)); D = uint32(hex2dec(10325476)); The message is reshaped, such as: Message = reshape(Message,16,[]); The look between the blocks, such that X is an extraction of the next block: for iBlock = 1:size(Message,2) X = Message(:,iBlock); The buffer states are stored as: AA = A; BB = B; CC = C; DD = D; The buffer is transformed by utilizing the X block from above, and the parameters from S, T and idxX k = 0; for iRound = 1:4 for q = 1:4 A = Fun(iRound,A,B,C,D,X(idxX(k+1)),S(k+1),T(k+1)); D = Fun(iRound,D,A,B,C,X(idxX(k+2)),S(k+2),T(k+2)); C = Fun(iRound,C,D,A,B,X(idxX(k+3)),S(k+3),T(k+3)); B = Fun(iRound,B,C,D,A,X(idxX(k+4)),S(k+4),T(k+4)); k = k + 4; end end The old buffer state is also being added: A = bitadd32(A,AA); B = bitadd32(B,BB); C = bitadd32(C,CC); D = bitadd32(D,DD); end The message digest is being formed the following way: Str = lower(dec2hex([A;B;C;D])); Str = Str(:,[7 8 5 6 3 4 1 2]).; Digest = Str(:).; The subsequent functionality is performed by the following operations: function y = Fun(iRound,a,b,c,d,x,s,t) switch iRound case 1 q = bitor(bitand(b,c),bitand(bitcmp(b),d)); case 2 q = bitor(bitand(b,d),bitand(c,bitcmp(d))); case 3 q = bitxor(bitxor(b,c),d); case 4 q = bitxor(c,bitor(b,bitcmp(d))); end y = bitadd32(b,rotateleft32(bitadd32(a,q,x,t),s)); And the bits are rotated such as: function y = rotateleft32(x,s) y = bitor(bitshift(x,s),bitshift(x,s-32)); The sum function is presented as: function sum = bitadd32(varargin) sum = varargin{1}; for k = 2:nargin add = varargin{k}; carry = bitand(sum,add); sum = bitxor(sum,add); for q = 1:32 shift = bitshift(carry,1); carry = bitand(shift,sum); sum = bitxor(shift,sum); end end A message is being read frm a file, such as: function [Message,nBits] = readmessagefromfile(FileName) [hFile,ErrMsg] = fopen(FileName,r); error(ErrMsg); Message = fread(hFile,inf,ubit32=>uint32); fclose(hFile); d = dir(FileName); nBits = d.bytes*8; Lastly, the auto test function is the following: function md5autotest disp(Running md5 autotest); Messages{1} = ; Messages{2} = a; Messages{3} = abc; Messages{4} = message digest; Messages{5} = abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz; Messages{6} = ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789; Messages{7} = char(128:255); CorrectDigests{1} = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e; CorrectDigests{2} = 0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661; CorrectDigests{3} = 900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72; CorrectDigests{4} = f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0; CorrectDigests{5} = c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b; CorrectDigests{6} = d174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f; CorrectDigests{7} = 16f404156c0500ac48efa2d3abc5fbcf; TmpFile = tempname; for k=1:numel(Messages) [h,ErrMsg] = fopen(TmpFile,w); error(ErrMsg); fwrite(h,Messages{k},char); fclose(h); Digest = md5(TmpFile); fprintf(%d: %sn,k,Digest); if ~strcmp(Digest,CorrectDigests{k}) error(md5 autotest failed on the following string: %s,Messages{k}); end end delete(TmpFile); disp(md5 autotest passed!); 4.4.1 Results This algorithm is tested with the input: university of Portsmouth department of electronic and computer engineering. This was written on the file: â€Å"C://md5InputFile.txt†. The outpus results are as in the following fugures: Textual description of the output results follows: OUTPUT FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt Running md5 autotest FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 1: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 2: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 3: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 4: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 5: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 6: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 7: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 md5 autotest passed! 4.5. Introduction to Caesar cipher The Caesar cipher in cryptography, is in essence a shift cipher. It represents as one of the simplest and most widely known encryption methodologies. The Caesar cipher is a kind of substitution cipher. It means that each letter in a given plaintext is replaced by another letter. This is done due shifting by some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. Julius Caesar was the first to use this ci

Comparing Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King and Antigone :: comparison compare contrast essays

Oedipus and Antigone: Is Fate Determined? Is everything determined? This question has caused fierce debate and has plagued both the science and literary worlds. Fate and Prophecy have both appeared in literature, most notably in Ancient Greek and Roman plays. Two plays that stand out as being based on prophecy are Oedipus Rex and Antigone, both written by Sophocles. Sophocles may have eggagerated certain aspects of fate, but he had many correct observations concerning fate and destiny. I think that everything is determined because free will is just an illusion, time travel depends on it, probability dictates it. In the play Julius Caesar, Cassius tells Brutus, "Men at some times are masters of their fate." But is this true? Can we do anything we chose or is the universe's fate fixed? The answers to these questions we may never know. But we can guess. In Antigone, Creon is faced with a decision. Should he condemn Antigone to death or should he let her get away with a crime? He feels as if he has a choice between the two. But, he doesn't. It was determined that he would put Antigone in a cave and try to get her out after contemplating it carefully. No matter what he did, he could not have defied this. He had the choice between the two, but it was determined that no matter what advice he received from Haemon and Tieresius, he would inevitably choose to put her in the cave. As Oedipus portrayed, you cannot escape fate no matter how you try. The prospect of time travel depends on and proves that everything is determined. If you go back and find out you should have turned left when you turned right and change it, then you may think you have defied fate. But, you are utterly wrong. Most likely, like Oedipus, you will do exactly what was determined, and step right into the prophecy. Doing this will, in fact, create an alternate quantum reality in which it was fixed to happed that way! (If you want to understand this fully, read about Feynman's Sum Over Histories in any of Stephen Hawking's books). The prophet who had spoken to Oedipus about his fate knew what was predestined. If Oedipus had gone forward in time and seen what he had done, he would have tried to avoid that fate.

Analysis of the Poem “Remember”

Analysis of the poem â€Å"Remember† by Christina Rossetti This poem is composed by fourteen lines that are divided in two quatrains with four lines, and one sestet follow the structure of the Italian sonnets. The structure of the poem is iambic pentameter because it has five feets, the rhyme is abba, abba, cdde, ce. In the first stanza, Rossetti conveys an infinite need to stay alive in the memory of her love even when natural events in the lives of people, such as death and separation may come to end their emotional connection.Describes these moments in a melancholy tone, sad, reflecting the pain of the soul when someone is forgotten by the life`s love. In the second stanza, she appeals to the feelings of her beloved recreating a future situation where her absence is a reality, when everything built, dreamed, planned is nothing more than a vain remembrance of a life together. The lament of her beloved and probably things that were left unsaid cannot be heard by she maintains a tone full of despair and in her words keeps constant beg with the only purpose of staying alive in someone's life.Her constant fear of feel forgotten, to eternity alone is very distressing and this is her tool to have in deep way the heart of her beloved. She keeps hope alive even in the latter part of the poem radically changes her position. In the sestet, the prayers are transformed a compassionate feeling as if her beloved after suffering so much at the prospect of forget came to understand that although the distance imposed they will always be together. Put aside her personal needs and she thinks about what is best decision for her loved.Her changes of mind are very surprising, therefore, that it is she who takes not worth keeping her memories tied to someone who will be alive and should have the joy of being happy in a world where she does not may be. In the sestet the tone has a big change, the description of the life and death no longer plaintive screams and understanding, hope and joy of going alone are the most representative feelings that result in extreme closeness with the sublime moment of death.About the figures, when can found some words that refer us something. For instance, â€Å"gone away† remind us to think about eternity, on a journey without return, in death itself spirituality dressed in the idea of a heavenly life. The term â€Å"silent land† can certainly relate to a cold place, where we cannot find life, is the term used by the writer to configure in other way the melancholy and loneliness of cemeteries.The touch of the hands is a figure representing situations propriety of the life, recalls that they have de fortune of built the kind of life that lovers want in the future. â€Å"Darkness and corruption† are expressions that refer us to think that behind those prayers of the writer, existed a kind of manipulation or dishonesty by the writer who do not want her desire object goes away from her heart.Rossetti's id eas about love are deep revealing the feminine nature in which from immemorial time as consorts of society, we made us the happiness of others before ours ratifying the maternality of which we have been endowed identifies us and makes us so different to the malegender. In my opinion, the use of reason at the end of the poem is a great example of strength and respect for who give to the writer the best things in her life. All understood as an act of love s

Baker has a point when he comments on the things

Baker has a point when he comments on the things Baker has a point when he comments on the things that television teaches. Shows such as Jackass that are made with a personal recording camera, especially influence children and young adolescents. They try to imitate what they see people getting paid extraordinary amounts of money on television to do. There is a warning before every Jackass show that the public shouldn't try any of the stunts seen on the show. You hear countless stories of people getting hurt that disregard these warnings and attempt, mostly unsuccessfully; to do the same crazy things they see on television. There is the story about the kid who tried to jump over a car that was going straight at him at 40 mph. This is definitely not a safe thing to do. Luckily he survived the ordeal having (I hope) learned his lesson.People need to learn that what they see on television isn't what really happens in the world.Another game board found in the Jiroft civilizatio...

The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale Essay Example

The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale Essay Example The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale Essay The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale Essay In class we read the story of The Little Girl Eater, by Septimus Dale. The central character is a man called Mason and the story begins with him lying on sand beneath an old coal jetty; hed been there a long time, after taking a short cut when the tide was out, through the girders. He knew the tide was heading back his way, and would eventually drown him. It was early April so it was very unlikely that some one would find him. Mason felt sick and weak; huge waves of nausea hit him like the waves of the sea. He could no longer feel his lower limbs, nor move them. Mason felt that he must reason out a manner of escape before it was too late. Mason had tried calling out to begin with, but this was a failure. However, an ingenious plan formed in his mind: if he were to burrow downwards, instead of trying to force himself upwards, he might dig himself enough clearance to crawl clear. It all depended on what lay beneath. Miranda was a little girl, not pretty at all; in fact, eminently ugly: her nose was lengthy; she had an extremely obese physique. The road her car was travelling on was jolting; she was on the back seat; her mother in the front with her friend, Johnny, who was driving. Johnny was nice: he didnt mind going anywhere with his car, unlike her dad. They were going to the sea. Johnny wanted to send Miranda down to the beach to play, for obvious reasons. Mason soon stopped burrowing because it had frayed him out. The pier was made on a solid concrete base but the concrete bank was not high enough to hold the girder. Suddenly he saw a tin can lying half-submerged in the sand; he decided, hed give him self an instant death by cutting his throat, a quicker way to die, less tormenting than to be slowly drowned by the waves of the sea. Miranda was gazing down on Mason below, a funny sort of man, because she could only view his shoulder and his arms. She was afraid to ask him what he was doing because she knew grown ups got upset easily. Mason wasnt upset when she ran away because he knew she would tell someone shed seen him. When Miranda told her mother, Mirandas mother was shocked when she said a bloody man. She told Miranda she shouldnt make up silly stories. Johnny told Miranda the man under the pier was a Little Girl Eater: who lived under the sea and, when the tide was out, waited for silly little girls and gobbled them up instantly. Miranda asked her mother if she could go back to play on the beach.

Australia Mini Country Culture of Society Research Paper

Australia Mini Country Culture of Society - Research Paper Example The way this affects communication and the media is that the media can have more freedom to say what they think is the truth. Australia falls in the midrange in the power distance index, falling lower than that other developed countries such as the United States of America. For instance, Australia scores 36 on the power distance index as compared to the United States of America which scores 40 on the same scale. This is a much lower score, as compared to other countries, especially Arab countries such as Malaysia, Egypt and Philippines which score over 90 on the power distance index scale. According to Nisbett & Miyamoto (467-473) Asians and seem to engage in cultural practices in a different way than westerns who regard issues in a context-independent manner. The main reason why the power distance in Australia is low may be the fact that there is equality in wealth distribution in comparison with other states like the United States where the wealth gap in continually increasing, leaving a thin middle class and a large part of the population being poor while a small percentage owns much of the wealth. Australia also scores a 90 for individualism and a 61 for masculinity. As Ihator (38) says, this kind of individualism is most likely to be seen in first world countries like America and not in countries in Africa. Masculinity, as measured in the Hofstede’s Power Distance Index, is a measure of the factors that are considered to be masculine such as power, materialism, assertiveness, etc. According to Kimmel (90) society with a high masculinity score on the Hofstede’s Power Distance Index is an indication that males in that country are more likely to be more assertive on their rights and are more likely to have their own choices and not be dominated. These are people who are not easily affected by public opinion and are not likely to accept power roles are meted for them.  

The Role of Social Media in Managing Customer Relationship Essay

The Role of Social Media in Managing Customer Relationship - Essay Example All strategies at social media are directed by five aspects. These main objectives which the businesses plan to achieve on the social media include becoming popular and visible to the customers, start engaging with the existing and prospect customers, acquiring media attention by engaging with bloggers and journalists, establishing a reputation which promotes word of mouth sales for the business and maximizing the overall sales of the business. All the set objectives are essential to be implemented and they become an essential tool for the business’ social media strategy success. 2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN MANAGING CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP Social media is considered very important for business marketers and being a new phenomenon it is spreading widely as a business development platform. 2.1. SOCIAL MEDIA Social Media is a forum which facilitates interaction of social community and allows the sharing of various contents through different social community based applicat ions. It includes different forms which include blogs, social sites and videos etc (Kim and Ko, 2012). Gaining extensive popularity the business firms and governmental organizations have started using social media as an important communication tool. Social media based marketing requires comparatively less input and it is highly cost effective if managed properly. The claimed immense development of SM can be witnessed from the following statistics (Bosari, 2012): SM is used as a marketing platform by 94% of the businesses which have an organized marketing department. 60% of the marketers constantly devote their time in the development of the SM forum. 85% of businesses which use the SM platform have admitted that... This essay approves that since recent past messages were communicated to the public through press releases, advertisements and press conferences. Over the years, new methods and channels of communication are developed and social media is one of them. Social media is an active channel which is used for maintaining social society. Social media is considered very important for business marketers and being a new phenomenon it is spreading widely as a business development platform. This report makes a conclusion that the social community and advertising on the SM affects the consumers buying behavior. Based on the earlier discussion the customers carefully assess the ratings and reviews which have been given to the products or services this attracts the users and establishes their end buying decisions. The decision of the consumers to buy or not to buy the product is referred to as the purchase decision. From various studies it has been derived that the attitudes and the preferences of the consumers towards the Brand is detrimental to measuring the attitude of the customers. The purchase intention is based on the attitude of the customer which develops with the equity. The implications of this research clearly elaborate the significance of Social Media and its contribution in effectively managing customer relationship. From this report an assessment has been developed about the effect of Social Media on customer service, brand loyalty and purchase intention of the customers. It has been noted that worldwide social media is progressing.